Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs that form on or inside the ovaries, often impacting people who menstruate. Science has found 10% to 30% of women will encounter at least one ovarian cyst during their lifetimes. Most of these cysts are harmless, often detected incidentally and spontaneously regress. Others can grow to a large size, rupture, or cause complications such as ovarian torsion.
There are two primary categories of ovarian cysts: functional and pathological. Functional cysts are just a regular part of the menstrual cycle. They are asymptomatic most of the time, and they often resolve after a few weeks. Pathological cysts develop when there is aberrant cell growth. This can occur from a number of causes including hormonal abnormalities, infections, and diseases such as endometriosis.
Functional ovarian cysts that are benign can get as large as 3 cm (1.2 inches). Other types, such as corpus luteum cysts, may grow much larger, exceeding 4 inches (10.2 cm). In pathological cases, cysts such as cystadenomas can develop much larger and even exceed 15 cm. Some case studies even document these cysts growing as big as 11.8 inches (30 cm) across!
The Prevalence of Ovarian Cysts
Cysts arising from the ovary may be very common especially in women of reproductive age. Approximately 1 out of 10 women will have an ovarian cyst at some time in their life. This makes it a normal phenomenon for most women today. These formations grow and recede with the course of the menstrual cycle. You most commonly find them in women between puberty and menopause.
Functional ovarian cysts tend to resolve on their own without treatment. According to Adam Taylor, a medical expert, “An ovarian cyst is a fluid filled sac that forms on, or within the ovary.” He notes that “These functional cysts are typically benign and will resolve on their own.”
It is essential that you understand that not all ovarian cysts are benign. Pathological cysts are caused by abnormal cell growth and should be evaluated by a doctor especially if they cause any symptoms. It is crucial for individuals experiencing prolonged pelvic pain or discomfort to seek medical attention to rule out any serious conditions.
Types of Ovarian Cysts
Cysts can be grouped according to their origin and characteristics as follows. We can divide the many different types of ovarian cysts into two broad categories. Functional Verses Pathological Cysts
According to available estimates, 6% to 13% of reproductive-age women have PCOS. This condition primarily has to do with hormonal imbalances that can lead to the development of dozens of cysts.
- Follicular Cysts: These occur when the follicle does not release an egg during the menstrual cycle.
- Corpus Luteum Cysts: These form after the follicle releases the egg and can sometimes bleed.
Although most ovarian cysts are benign, they sometimes cause complications that need to be treated by a healthcare professional. If a cyst opens up in proximity to a blood vessel, the ruptured tissue may cause dangerous bleeding. This fracture can be life threatening and may need surgical intervention. Taylor emphasizes the importance of monitoring symptoms: “Where pelvic pain is at a level that is prolonged or uncomfortable it should be checked out to ensure that there is nothing life-threatening happening in or around the ovary.”
- Dermoid Cysts: These contain various tissues such as hair and skin.
- Cystadenomas: These arise from the cells on the surface of the ovary and can grow large.
- Endometriomas: These result from endometriosis and can cause pain.
Furthermore, it is important to identify specific physical activities that may increase chances of cyst rupture. “There are many physical things that can cause an increase in pelvic or abdominal pressure, which can cause cysts to rupture — exercise, lifting, sex or physical trauma,” Taylor explains.
Complications and Symptoms
It’s important to note that symptoms of ovarian cysts can vary greatly, again depending on the size and type. Many functional cysts remain asymptomatic, but larger or pathological cysts may present symptoms such as:
It is also essential to recognize that certain physical activities may contribute to the risk of cyst rupture. “There are many physical things that can cause an increase in pelvic or abdominal pressure, which can also cause cysts to rupture — exercise, lifting, sex or physical trauma,” Taylor explains.
Symptoms of ovarian cysts can vary widely depending on their size and type. Many functional cysts remain asymptomatic, but larger or pathological cysts may present symptoms such as:
- Pelvic pain
- Irregular menstrual cycles
- Pain during intercourse
- Difficulty emptying the bladder completely
