California's wildfire season often brings devastation, but behind the scenes, a group of unsung heroes plays a crucial role in combating these blazes. Approximately 1,747 incarcerated workers are stationed across a network of 35 "conservation fire camps" in the state, providing essential support in the fight against wildfires. These incarcerated firefighters comprise as much as 30 percent of California’s wildland firefighting force, a significant contribution that has sparked both gratitude and controversy.
The state’s reliance on incarcerated workers has long been criticized due to their low pay and the dangerous conditions they face. On average, these firefighters earn between $5.80 and $10.24 per day. When deployed to fight fires, their wages can increase by $1 per hour; however, this still amounts to a mere $29.80 for what could be a full 24-hour workday. In stark contrast, a monthly base salary for a Cal Fire employee ranges from $3,672 to $4,643, with additional compensation for extended duty, highlighting the disparity in pay between incarcerated workers and their civilian counterparts.
Despite the challenges, many incarcerated individuals find fulfillment in their roles. The work provides not only a sense of purpose but also an opportunity to gain valuable skills. The state has taken steps to expand prospects for these workers upon their release. Since October 2018, around 432 individuals have successfully completed a firefighting certification program at the Ventura Training Center (VTC). This initiative is a collaborative effort between Cal Fire, the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR), and the Los Angeles County Fire Department.
In recent years, the state legislature has attempted to address concerns about the treatment of incarcerated firefighters. A notable change came with the signing of Bill AB 2147 in September 2020, which allows individuals with nonviolent offenses to have their records expunged after serving as firefighters. Advocates argue that this not only benefits the individuals but also enhances public safety by enabling them to seek careers in firefighting post-incarceration.
The physical demands of firefighting are immense. Incarcerated firefighters undergo rigorous training, which includes carrying nearly 30kg (65lb) of gear through some of California's steepest terrain. Their experience with high-pressure situations often translates into effective performance on the fire lines. As noted by Conroy, a veteran firefighter, “These guys work well under pressure because they’ve lived a life under pressure.”
However, this reliance on incarcerated labor raises ethical questions. Amika Mota, an advocate for incarcerated rights, emphasizes that “the lives of incarcerated people are not expendable” and asserts that “they deserve safety as much as the rest of the impacted community.” The dangerous conditions faced by these workers during wildfire seasons have prompted calls for reform.
The impact of California's wildfires is staggering. The Eaton Fire and Palisades Fire rank as the second and third most destructive in the state's history, destroying 9,418 and 6,662 structures respectively. Such devastation highlights the crucial role that all firefighters—incarcerated or not—play in safeguarding communities.
Despite the challenges they face, many participants describe their experience in the firefighting program as “life-changing.” Andrew Hernandez, a 41-year-old currently completing his training at VTC, echoes this sentiment. He views firefighting as more than just a job; it represents an opportunity to change his life trajectory.
